Reflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology - 1135 Words

For my final project, I interviewed a professional with PhD in Psychology. However, the person I interviewed did not pursue a psychology job afterwards. Instead, he decided to pursue a job in the IT technological field. Throughout the interview, I asked questions about the hardships and dedication towards the Psychology field. Before summarizing the interview, I also decided to ask my Aunt, who graduated with her Bachelor s degree in Psychology in Minnesota State University, Mankato. During the interview with my Aunt, I asked what she wanted to do and why she did not pursue Psychology any further. Her response was shocking yet understanding. Due to giving birth to her first son in college, her mindset and vision of the future changed. She responded, I wanted to become a Clinical Psychologist. However, in the long run, it wouldn t had been worth pursuing the Psychology field when you have a child onboard your journey. When you have your first child, your whole future changes and you must also change the way you view your life. All I could think about during that time was my son s health, nurturing him, and also begin working as soon as possible to provide for my son. As I heard her responses, I understood her and the decisions she had gone through. From listening to the guest speakers in class, the field of Psychology for Clinical Psychologist has years of studying. One guest speaker said you will have no time to have a job and you will always be studying. Then, IShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology950 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper #2 In this second unit of Psychology, it was fascinating to focus in on how we as humans learn behaviors, and what can cause us to each function differently in similar situations. Many scientists from the early 20th century have contributed to what we know today about the brain and how it responds to sensations, perceptions, hearing, and conditioning. Some concepts that were most applicable to my everyday life and that I enjoyed learning about were the sensory systems, associatedRead MoreReflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology999 Words   |  4 Pagesof consciousness, an internal monologue that contributes to one’s own decision making. The idea was credited to Wilhelm Wundt, and his student Edward B. Titchener. Wilhelm Wundt was a German psychologist and founder of modern psychology who established the first psychology lab. Edward B. Titchener was a student of Wilhelm Wundt, who introduced structuralism and the school of thought. Introspections helped with my decision to go to college through a mental contrast and comparison, and the durationRead MoreReflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology1094 Words   |  5 Pages Taking Introduction to Psychology has given me the opportunity to examine myself. As I learned about concepts in class I found myself asking, â€Å"How does this apply to my life?† Soon, I grew cognizant that the curriculum was not a study in psychological diseases or a discussion of the abstract subconscious. It was exposure to constructs affecting my daily emotions, thoughts, and stresses. The areas of Psychology that push me toward my future goals and explain who I am today are my nurture, growthRead MorePsychology Reflection Paper2009 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Throughout my life I have been known to push people away who are not like me and even though I saw myself doing it, I did not try to make a change until taking this course. Psychology has given me a better understanding of different people’s situations and spreading this information can prevent people from ignorantly judging others, something many of us are guilty of. Numerous problems in my life are starting to turn around because my new knowledge has led me to handle them ratherRead MoreReflection Paper On Psychology Of Women1334 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: SELF-REFLECTION 1 Self-Reflection: Psychology of Women Critical Thinking Paper 1 Hillary Cohen University of Maryland SELF-REFLECTION 2 My name is Hillary Cohen and I identify as a Jewish straight American woman. I grew up in a Conservative community surrounded by people who were a little more and a little less religious than I was. While growing up, my parents always made sure to let me and my sisters know that we could do anythingRead MoreReflection Paper On Educational Psychology2629 Words   |  11 PagesErna Ananna Professor Gefen CEDF 710, Educational Psychology Date: 17th December, 2014 Fieldwork Reflection I. Introduction: Few weeks ago, I had an opportunity to observe a fifth grade inclusive classroom in P.S. 146, Anna M. Short School which is located in the Upper East Side of Manhattan. They had a total of 32 students where 16 of them are boys and 16 of them are girls. The class has collaborative teaching system. One of the class teachers is specialized on Special Education. They have totalRead MorePsychology Paper and Self Reflection1978 Words   |  8 PagesSelf-Reflection Related to Influential Psychology Theories When psychologists were first acknowledged they began studying behaviors and biological processes. There are numerous recognized psychologists that have contributed to the seven major perspectives of today’s modern psychology. These theories include: Evolutionary theory, sociocultural theory, biopsychological theory, psychoanalytic theory, cognitivism, humanistic theory and behaviorism. The three theories that I would like to describe,Read MoreReflection Paper : Multicultural Counseling And Psychology1256 Words   |  6 PagesOnce I began to read the first few chapters of the book I began to recognize words and details that I have previously been introduced too. Thinking back to when and what classes I have had the same experience, I recall Multicultural Counseling and Psychology. Stepping out my comfort zone is what really came to mind. Growing up in a society that has changed so much over the years you would think that I would be used to it; however, asking to look at y our community with a different set of eyes is uncomfortableRead MoreEthics And Standards For Professional Psychology1264 Words   |  6 PagesReligious Use in a Therapeutic Setting Ophelia Lee Kaplan University Ethics and Standards for Professional Psychology Professor Peter Lenz May 4, 2015 This paper addresses the complexity of spirituality and religion in a therapeutic setting. This paper includes examples and information regarding upholding the Ethics Code while using religion and spiritual reasoning in psychology. It addresses the issues of a multi-faith setting, information and research on omitting religion and spiritualityRead MoreThe Profession Of Counselling Psychology1582 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The profession of counselling psychology has developed hugely during the past decade, this paper aims to provide a concise and general exploration of the nature of counselling psychology, it’s development history, where it stands among other traditional approaches, and how disciplines of psychology is linked with a range of models of psychotherapy. In 1982 counselling psychology started developing as a section within the British Psychological Society, and in 1994 it was then recognized

Research Paper on Adhd - 3517 Words

RESEARCH PAPER ON ADHD Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral development disorder among children. In the United States there are at least 2 million grade school children that are diagnosed with the disorder (Dupper, 2003). ADHD is determined to be one of the most common development disorders in children (Barlow Durand, 2009). This paper will discuss the different aspects of ADHD, its symptoms, common traits, and the known treatments being used by clinicians. Moreover, the paper will also touch on the important things to consider when dealing with ADHD, particularly in the area of social work. By doing so, it will determine why social work should be an integral part of the diagnosis and†¦show more content†¦To get a clearer picture of the disorder, APA subdivided the symptoms according to its three most important traits, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). As most of the symptoms of ADHD may typically be present in no rmal behavioral development, APA established that only when six or more of the symptoms are present in a child can he or she be considered as suffering from ADHD (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Furthermore, the child should also exhibit these symptoms within a period of 6 months or more to completely confirm the occurrence of the disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Inattention is one of the distinguishable traits of ADHD (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). A child suffering from the symptoms of inattention in ADHD would probably lag behind schoolwork, have problems with communicating, and would struggle with cognitive activities like reading and comprehension. APA listed a total of 9 symptoms that are crucial to identifying ADHD in children (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Following is the list of these symptoms and their brief explanation: 1) Oftentimes a child will fail to give close attention to details (American Psychiatric Association, 20 000.Show MoreRelatedAdhd Research Paper837 Words   |  4 PagesADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). ADHD is a neurological condition affecting brain development. MRI imaging has found â€Å"abnormal grey matter and cortical thickness associated with ADHD in frontal, temporal and cerebellar regions of the brain† (from the ADHD Institute). This diagnosis has been given to 11% of American school aged children between 4-17. This is nearly 6.4 million children. ( https://www.cdc.gov) This number is staggering but is this what is really affecting our childrenRead MoreResearch Papers On Adhd1645 Words   |  7 PagesDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Out of that eleven percent, approximately six present is actually taking medication, meaning about one out of every five children diagnosed are not taking any medication or receiving any mental health counseling. It is not one single test to diagnose ADHD in children and adults, nevertheless ADHD is diagnosed afte r a person has shown some or all ADHD symptoms regularly for no less than six months. Nearly 10 million adults have ADHD, yet countless adults are notRead MoreAdhd Research Paper858 Words   |  4 PagesSymptom improvements with proper diet in children with ADHD Does a healthy diet help improve symptoms in children with ADHD? There are several factors in this when it comes to diet. These factors include artificial food coloring, few foods diet, and vitamin intake. Researchers have done many studies with children who have ADHD to see if their symptoms improve. The first research article â€Å"Diet and ADHD, Reviewing the Evidence: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses of Double-Blind Placebo-ControlledRead MoreAdhd Research Paper783 Words   |  4 Pagesalso known as ADHD, has become a well-known disorder that our ears hear lightly and many don’t think twice about. Although, ADHD is presented in over 11,000,000 people that are living in the United States (Frank, 2017). ADHD is prevalent in both women and men of all various ages. Once one has this disorder, it stays with them forever. However, many therapists as well as psychologist believe that this disorder is over diagnosed and leads into false and inaccurate prescriptio ns. Due to ADHD being primarilyRead MoreResearch Paper On ADHD769 Words   |  4 PagesThis is because most children with ADHD do not have behavior problems at home. Children diagnosed with ADHD have a much better time at home due to the one on one interactions with parents and siblings. Once an ADHD child enters a classroom with eighteen to twenty other students, the ability to control themselves becomes impaired. I have worked with many children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactive disorder and am very educated on the diagnosis. ADHD is usually diagnosed in early childhoodRead MoreAdhd Research Paper740 Words   |  3 PagesAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, is the lifespan neurodevelopment disorder, that symptomizes of inattentiveness, impulsiveness, forgetfulness, distractibility and hyperactivity and is highly heritable and this heritable disorder has been transition, or a process that events throughout the lifespan should not affected it, into adulthood (Swift, Sayal, Hollis, (2014); Ertekin, et. al.,). Often, adults with ADHD also experience a negative effect on socio-personal adaptationRead MoreAdhd Research Paper787 Words   |  4 PagesOver Diagnosis of ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, has become a well-known disorder that our ears hear lightly and many don’t think twice about. Although, ADHD is presented in over 11,000,000 people that are living in the United States (Frank, 2017). ADHD is prevalent in both women and men of all various ages. Once one has this disorder, it stays with them forever. However, many therapists as well as psychologist believe that this disorder is over diagnosed andRead MoreADHD Research Paper948 Words   |  4 PagesADHD Treatment Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Ford-Martin, 2014) is a mental disorder involving brief to prolonged periods of hyperactivity and the inability to focus on tasks, causing the patient to become easily frustrated and unable to sit still. This inability to focus often negatively impacts the patient, frequently causing him/her to lose self-esteem and give up. This label instills a feeling of hopelessness when it comes to completing certain tasks that others are able to performRead MoreADHD Research Paper1417 Words   |  6 PagesAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a neurobehavioral disorder that affects school aged children with a high degree of inattention, excessive hyperactivity, impulsivity or a combination of any of these. In order for a child to be diagnosed with ADHD, there must be two different environments in which the child has displayed his or her symptoms and it must occur before the child is twelve years of age (Halter, 2014). Children have a h igh comorbidity level with developmental, learningRead MoreAdhd Research Paper960 Words   |  4 Pagescause and effects of many of our illness, one being ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder). This disorder affects nearly 2 million of the 6 million children born each year, these children are between the ages of two and five (CDC, 2017) The website is based as a teaching tool for parents and educators to gain more information. There is no one person who has come up with this information. The information is based on years of the scientific research and testing for them to put together this website

Symbolic And Free Essays

string(24) " brand can do for them\." Their efforts seem to have paid off, as evidenced by the enduring well-defined, and strong images of some of the world’s popular brands (e. G. Marlboro, Ivory, Pepsi). We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolic And or any similar topic only for you Order Now In line with this evidence, theorists and practitioners (CB. Gardner and Levy, 1955; Park et al. , 1986; Rise and Trout, 1 986) have recommended that developing, communicating, and maintaining a brand’s image is crucial to its long-term success. 32 Brand image important The importance of a brand’s image in its long-term success necessitates having a framework for strategically managing the image over the long term Park et al. , 1986). Brand managers have had very little direction for setting up such a conceptual framework. One notable exception is brand concept management (BCC) proposed by Park et al. (1986). BCC proposes that every brand image should be based on a brand concept or a brand-specific abstract meaning. In its general form, a brand concept can be either symbolic or functional, and thus comprises one aspect of a brand’s image. Functional brands satisfy immediate and practical needs. Symbolic brands satisfy symbolic needs such as those for self-expression and prestige, and their racial usage is only incidental. For example, in the category Of wrist watches, the brand Cassia would be considered a functional brand since its usefulness lies primarily in its ability to tell the time correctly. The brand Moved, on the other hand, would be considered a symbolic brand since it is used primarily for its status appeal, and its ability to tell the time is only an incidental reason for its usage. Once a concept is selected for a brand, park et al. (1986) advise that it should be maintained over the brand’s life for sake of consistency. Symbolic or functional While the notion of brand concept management is intuitively appealing, the proposition that brands can be either symbolic or functional in their appeal to consumers raises a number of interesting issues. The first issue is whether symbolism and functionality are two distinct concepts or are two ends of one brand concept continuum. In addition to the uniqueness of these two concepts, park et al. (1986) assume that each of these concepts is unidirectional. Whether that is really so has not been examined in empirical research to date. Also, to our knowledge, no measures or scales have been plopped that would assess whether a particular brand is symbolic or functional. Thus, empirical research has not directly examined these related issues. An understanding of such issues would also be very useful to marketing managers in planning positioning strategies for their brands. In this exploratory study, a set of scales are developed to assess a brand’s symbolic and/or functional value to consumers. In the process, we JOURNAL OF CONSUMER MARKETING, VOLT. 15 NO. 1 1998 up. 2-43 @ MAC UNIVERSITY PRESS, 0736-3761 examine the issue of distinctiveness and dimensionality of the two brand incepts. Two schools of thought Brand concept Background There is a long tradition of research into human needs and motivations. While there are a large number of theories and models that explain the nature of human motivation for consumption behavior, a simple typology would suggest two distinct schools of thought. The rational school o r the â€Å"economic man† model suggests that consumers are rational and try to maximize total utility. They do so by buying products based on objective criteria like price per ounce or gallons per mile (Coffman and Kane, 1994). In arriving at this excision, consumers generally go through a variety of cognitive operations that include deciding the importance of each attribute in a product category, gathering information about competing brands’ attributes, judging the levels of each attribute in competing brands, and finally using a judgment rule to decide on the optimal brand (for an exhaustive review of the information processing literature, please see Bateman, 1979). A number of researchers, however, contend that the rational model is appropriate only for goods which consumers value for their tangible and utilitarian benefits, and does not adequately capture their motivation for consuming products that satisfy their emotional wants (CB. Levy, 1959; Ditcher, 1960; Holbrook, 1980). For example, Hiroshima and Holbrook (1982) note that the rational model does not capture the multistory imagery, fantasy, fun, and emotions associated with the consumption of some products. They refer to this type of consumption, based on individual tastes and intangible product benefits, as hedonistic consumption. Thus, in contrast to the rational or information processing approach, the emotional or hedonistic school holds that consumers’ motives are motional in nature. In this perspective, individuals use personal or subjective criteria such as taste, pride, desire for adventure, and desire for expressing themselves, in their consumption decisions (Coffman and Kane, 1994). Consumer behaviorist’s have long recognized the importance of both types of motivations (CB. Katz, 1960; Metal, 1983). Empirically, several researchers have noted the existence of these two different types of motivations and the different product attribute categories that tap into these motivations (CB. Metal, 1988; Metal et al. , 1990; Sahara and Siring, 1991). Thus, both theory and research support the idea that consumers’ needs are driven by functional/ utilitarian as well as by symbolic/expressive motivations. In keeping with this tradition, park, Gasworks, and Manacling (1986) noted that consumers’ needs could be classified as being either functional or symbolic. They assert that functional needs are related to specific and practical consumption problems whereas symbolic needs are related to Selfridges and social identification. To tap into these two different types of needs, Park, Gasworks, and Manacling (1986) proposed that all brands should have a â€Å"brand incept†, which is an overall abstract meaning that identifies a brand. They suggested that a brand concept be either symbolic or functional, thus tapping into consumers’ symbolic and functional needs respectively. Park et al. S (1986) brand concept management framework advises managers to select a specific concept for a brand at the time of its introduction and then use the marketing mix to support and reinforce it over the brand’s life. This helps consumers understand with clarity what a brand can do for them. You read "Symbolic And" in category "Papers" JOURNAL OF CONSUMER MARKETING, VOLT. 15 NO. 1 1998 33 Functional or utilitarian deeds The existence of differe nt types of motivations among individuals suggests that within most product categories, consumers’ needs could be either functional or symbolic in nature, and brands could be positioned to satisfy either of these two types of needs. Thus, functional or utilitarian needs of consumers could be exploited with a â€Å"functional† brand, I. E. One positioned with a functional brand concept or meaning. Similarly, a brand could be positioned as a â€Å"symbolic† brand to tap the needs of those who wish to enhance their self-image or their social image. Park et al. Rather argued that brands should be positioned to appeal to either one of these types of needs, but not both, for a number of reasons. A brand concept that is both functional and symbolic poses problems for consumers because they cannot clearly relate the brand to either their functional or their symbolic needs. In addition, it increases the number of competing brands and makes brand image management difficult. This argument, however theoretically compelling, has not been tested in empirical research. In one related research, park et al. (1991 ) Were able to show that nonusers’ reaction to functional extensions of functional brands was more favorable than their reaction to prestige extensions of functional brands. In the same study, consumers also displayed a more positive reaction to prestige extensions of prestige brands than to functional extensions of prestige brands. Please note that, in this study, the authors assumed that brand concepts could be either functional or prestigious (not symbolic). Unanswered questions Several questions, though, remain unanswered. Are functional and symbolic brand concepts adequately distinguished in consumers’ minds? If so, what are mom characteristics that help in distinguishing these brand concepts? Is the prestige of a brand an adequate representation of a brand’s symbolism to its customers? Are functionality and symbolism merely the two ends of a continuum? In any event, is there a mechanism to assess the functionality or symbolism of brands? The paucity of research to illuminate these issues resulted in this study. This study was set up to answer the preceding questions: to investigate the phenomenon of the functionality or the symbolism of brand image and to develop scales that would help classify a brand as functional or symbolic. Apart from the theoretical contributions, the issues raised in this study have a number of managerial implications for brand positioning. Method In line with this study main objective of exploring the issue of brand mage functionality or symbolism, scales containing items thought to measure a brand’s functional or symbolic value to consumers was developed. The scale was validated by testing the scale’s ability to discriminate between brands a priori identified as functional or symbolic. Correlations among the items in the scale and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the data were seed to investigate the dimensionality of brand functionality and symbolism. Stimuli lie Pairs of brands were identified in a few commonly used product categories, such that one brand in each pair was, a priori, thought to be functional and the other symbolic. In other words, the first brand was thought to primarily satisfy functional needs whereas the second brand was thought to mainly satisfy the symbolic needs of consumers of the product category. The pairs of brands which were selected are shown in Table l. 34 Product category Symbolic brand Functional brand Watches Role Timex 2 Sports shoes Nikkei Converse 3 Cosmetics Lana ¶me Amiability 4 Hair cream Paul Mitchell Suave 5 Ice cream Hagen Dads Scaliest Table l. Item generation Adjectives or phrases thought to indicate a brand’s symbolism or functionality were first generated by the authors and a focus group of graduate students at a university. The focus group noted the difficulty of coming up with adjectives describing functional or utilitarian appeal. Based on these processes, three adjectives and phrases were identified as relating to functionality and 17 as relating to symbolism. Three sets of questionnaire items Three sets of questionnaire items were developed for the 20 adjectives and phrases. The first set of questions sought respondents’ agreement with various statements about individuals’ use of a brand to express themselves. The second set of items sought respondent ratings on the characteristics of the brand, whereas the third set of items sought evaluations of the user of the brand. Responses were measured with seven-point scales in all cases. With respect to the items representing brand functionality, respondents recorded their agreement with the statement that " (brand) was for eople who are down-to-earth" and evaluated the practicality Of: (1) the brand itself; and (2) the user of the brand. Brand symbolism The 17 adjectives and phrases representing brand symbolism were assessed with three sets of items. In the first set of items, respondents were to agree with these statements: (1) â€Å"people use (brand) as a way of expressing their personality’; (2) † (brand) is for people who want the best things in life†; (3) â€Å"a (brand) user stands out in a crowd†; and (4) â€Å"using (brand) says something about the kind of person you are†. The second set of items sought to evaluate these brand characteristics: (1) hemolytic; (2) prestigious; (3) exciting; (4) status symbol; and (5) distinctive v. Invitational. The third set Of items evaluated these characteristics Of the brand’s user: (1) sophisticated v. Simple; (2) not at all v. Very romantic; (3) not at all v. Very successful; 35 (4) unique v. Ordinary; (5) stylish v. Plain; (6) expressive v. Subdued; (7) glamorous v. Sedate; and (8) not at all v. Very elegant. Survey design and ad ministration Two separate questionnaires were prepared with questions on five of the ten stimulus brands such that each questionnaire contained questions about one f the brands within a product category. Thus, a subject would answer the above questions with respect to either a symbolic brand or a functional brand within a product category but not both. This procedure was used to eliminate any comparative biases in responses. The survey was administered to 62 graduate students at a major south-eastern university. Rest Its Analysis of correlations TO obtain a preliminary idea of the pattern Of relationships among these items, the correlations among the items were first examined. How to cite Symbolic And, Papers