War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells Essays -- War Worlds H.G. Wells Essays

War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells Homo-Superior? War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells is a fiction story written about war and mankind’s coming of age. It is also a philosophical novel with many deep meanings underlying the shallow looking one-hundred-eighty-eight page book. The subject of this novel is Science Fiction and there are not many that can even compete with Wells in terms of how superior his word descriptions are. He simply does wonders with the imagination of the reader. Obviously the whole book is about the struggle mankind faces, but it is not always with aliens, they are actually more of a good way to represent what Wells really believed. He believed man is dominant, yet should remember how big the universe is and that the possibility of life far more intelligent than ours is very great. The narrator, who is also the main character tells War of the Worlds in first person. He describes everything from the man’s denial, to the invasion, the battles, and the aftermath. In the beginning he discusses the possibility of other life forms existing. When the aliens invade they do not communicate, just organize and destroy all resistance and population centers. The author journeys along all of England fleeing the invaders and always being updated from various people about the news. The climax comes when he walks into a town to find all the aliens dead from bacteria, and the denouement is when he finds his wife. The movie â€Å"Independence Day† is the best way to describe this story to someone who has never read the book before. The two are strikingly similar. In both the aliens invade without warning and destroy everything with their superior technology. People know about the aliens before they arrive ahead of time in each story, but do nothing because of denial and public hysteria. The study and autopsy of aliens are described in the two. There are differences though. There are no heroes in the book, but in the movie there are. Our technology is useless in the book and in the movie it wins it for us. In a sense the endings are the same because a computer virus is what causes the aliens’ shields to go down in the movie and biological viruses kill the aliens in the book. Still when I think about it, â€Å"Independence Day† is the best way to modernize the story. Pre World War One England is the setting for the story. It fits ... ... the stupidity and courage of men. He did a great job of doing both. This book is really a classic because so many people know about it and still read it today, and it is over a hundred years old! It reminds me of how the U.S is today. Sure we are the greatest nation on the planet, however we still need to be reminded that we do not control everyone. We should be more humble and that is how the author felt as well. All the time I see on the news how people rebel and complain about stuff. When it comes down to it they don’t do jack! They just want to bitch about how the system cheats them. There were characters in the book like this in the novel too. The most significant thing to me in the whole book, and I’m sure it is to most readers too, is the fact that germs killed the aliens. Not some secret weapon, or a hero, but the every day cold. This really humbles man. In the end there is hope. The hope that man finally understands that he is not so great and how lucky he can be. Hope that we will learn from our mistakes and take them to heart so that if this happens again, we will be ready. So the one question remains, and I leave it up to you†¦are we Homo-Superior?

Christian beliefs about marriage and divorce Essay

How might Christian beliefs about marriage and divorce be applied to a Christian living. In your answer consider one or more situation in which Christian belief would â€Å"make a difference†. Consider whether all Christian couples would respond in the same way. Christian beliefs are to be applied to everyday life. The teaching affects couples and guides them to a content marriage. Every couple should strive to live up to their vows to successfully live-out their vocation. It’s a full time vocation and for the marriage to work, there needs to be constant effort and work. Overtime people mature and develop; this may lead to the couple becoming closer or further apart. Action and alteration then needs to be applied and the marriage should grow and change accordingly. Christians have to truly commit to their vows and have to promise love and fidelity and apply it to their daily lives. Some Christians may ignore God’s intentions for them by dismissing the Christian beliefs. By disregarding these beliefs, couples will not only gradually disconnect from eachother, they will disconnect from God as they’re rejecting his vocation for them. Some may say that the Christian beliefs are not being applied to life as much anymore, which is proven by the increase in divorce rate. However, The religious beliefs are lived out by the vast majority of couples. Those who do not fully apply the beliefs to their marriage but realise the beliefs importance, have something to aspire to and the beliefs can guide them to a successful Christian marriage with God. This is why the beliefs of permanence and exclusiveness of marriage are important and people still try to live to values outlined in the Gospel. I can only aspire to living in a joyful, stable marriage. I’ve been brought up in a fortunate atmosphere as my parents have been married for 30 years and hopefully will grow old blissfully together. They’ve followed the Christian beliefs closely, except for a few dents to the relationship but managed to pass through them, which can only inspire me to follow in their guidance. I’ve seen how beliefs are still present in their marriage and how the church teaching is certainly not out of date. As outlined in AO1, the beliefs of the life-giving potential of marriage are central and when couples enter marriage they must realise the affects their behaviour has on children. As I’ve been brought up in a successful co-operative marriage, I’m inspired to do the same as I realise the importance of Christian beliefs, so if one is brought-up in a unstable marriage this can affect the relations the children subsequently have. The grace given in the sacrament gives couples strength which can furnish couples concentration towards the Christian beliefs. Someone who takes their faith seriously is more likely to live up to the vows more rather than one who just simply goes through the marital service as tradition, without really regarding the ceremony for it’s deep meaning. These Christian beliefs taught to them can then encourage them to leave divorce as a last resort rather than take the easiest way out. Catechism teaches that â€Å"The remarriage of persons divorced from a living, lawful spouse contravenes the plan and law of God as taught by Christ. They are not separated from the Church, but they cannot receive Eucharistic communion. They will lead Christian lives especially by educating their children in the faith – Catechism 1665† Although they will not accept divorce; the Roman Catholic Church will accept an annulment which is a way of saying that the marriage was void Different Christians approach marital breakdown and divorce in different ways. A Roman Catholic would have immense difficulties if their marriage broke down and ended in divorce, yet they are unable to get an annulment from the Church They feel that they have disowned the church by divorcing. Also, if that person remarries, in the eyes of the Roman Catholic Church it would be classed as adultery. This situation may involve them being asked to refrain from taking the Eucharist. This can result in real hurt and a feeling of isolation from the Church as the Eucharist is at the very heart of Catholic belief.. Whereas, someone belonging to the free church in the same position would have no such problem with remarriage in their church. Other Catholics may choose not to remarry and live life alone because their first marriage did not work and they do not want to go against their beliefs. Although some marriages conclude in divorce, marital help services such as Marriage Care and Relate offer support to couples so they understand the full responsibility they’re undertaking. Couples who haven’t got the deeper understanding of marriage may break the exclusive aspect of marriage and not consider preventing adultery as much as a couple who follow the Christian beliefs. Different Christians have various responses to contraception. Catholic teaching does not permit the use of artificial contraception. Pope Paul VI’s encyclical letter Humanae Vitae (1968) expressed it this way; â€Å"It is absolutely required that any use whatsoever of marriage must retain its natural potential to procreate human life.† This means that sex in marriage should be natural and always open to the possibility of creating new human life. All artificial chemical and physical methods of contraception are rejected by the teaching authority of the Catholic Church. In conclusion, I think the church does have a positive role in supporting couples through the sacrament; it blesses the couple with married life. With Christian belief and practice, the couple gain strength, while guiding the couple through the sacrament of marriage.

My Philosophy Of Education Is It Should Be About The...

My philosophy of Education is that it should be about the individual. In most of my experiences it has become just doing the same thing for each person, mostly book work, I think learning should be based on the best way a child can learn based on interests. If they become interested in learning they are more able to remember the lessons, whether that be done by using more hands on work or experiments. I believe the role of the teacher is to be an encourager or a mentor. The role of the teacher, I believe, is to be a facilitator for the students. I wish to teach high school, and as high schoolers they are at the age where soon they will become adults and think and act for themselves. Something students need to figure out is what is the best way to interact with the material and work with others. In the classroom, I want to encourage a community-like feel to it. I would organize my room where the students would easily be able to enter into discussions over the information. During one of my observations, the classroom was set up in two half circles and they were easily able to start discussing when told. This could change, as people are unpredictable, so I will need to be flexible and change in a way that will best help the student learn. In managing and disciplining in the classroom, the best way, I believe, is to make the students feel empowered. In order to do this a teacher has to give a little freedom in order to keep students from acting out. Students who do notShow MoreRelatedMy Own Beliefs About Teaching And Learning Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pages1. Think about your own beliefs about teaching and learning. In writing, discuss which of the philosophies of education and the learning orientations are closest to you? Why? Which do not fit with your philosophy of education and learning? Why? Based upon my own beliefs about teaching and learning, the philosophy of education and the learning orientation that is closest to me is Progressivism; which is a philosophy that places focus on the influential ideologies of education. ProgressivesRead MoreEssay on I Want to Be Part of the Future605 Words   |  3 Pagesthat education is the hope of the future, and as an educator I will be an important part of that future. Behind every president, doctor, lawyer, and parent there was a teacher. I believe that all children can learn and should be provided with the opportunity to do so. Education should be equal and without prejudice. Education should be provided to all children in accordance with their ability. Education should foster each child’s feelings of community, success, and self-esteem. It should alsoRead MorePersonal Info : The Education System1198 Words   |  5 PagesI became interested in Education in a Diverse Society because I enjoy diversity and how dif ferent people can come together to work or learn as one unit. Volunteering with children is what made me interested in education. Even though I have no plans in becoming a teacher, I would like to keep volunteering at schools and other events such as camps because I enjoy helping children develop their minds and learn various aspects that pertain to life. Attending school in America my whole life and knowingRead More Educational Philosophy Statement Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesEducational Philosophy There have been many philosophies passed down through the years by many great educators. Views and opinions that have varied from individual to individual. Some ideas were widely accepted and others were not. I feel that it is important for every educator to obtain their own individual educational philosophy. An individual philosophy is good way to help an educator become grounded in what they believe and strive to make that philosophy happen in the classroom. It is a beliefRead MoreEducational Philosophy Reflection1539 Words   |  7 Pagesnotes on the board. This is the type of education that I experience until I graduated high school. When I decided to go into teaching it was an easy decision for me to want to not provide this type of experience to my students. Early in the education program, Bud Stefanski posed us the question about our educational philosophy in the Foundations of Education class. When answering that question, I was 100% progressivism in my education philoso phy students should only learn through hands-on experiencesRead MoreNursing : Health Cooperation, And Personal Philosophy Of Nursing Care1339 Words   |  6 PagesVincennes University, St. Mary’s Health Cooperation, and Personal: Philosophy of Nursing Care Introduction Nursing philosophies are used by many institutions and places of employment. It is important that student nurses and nurses read and gain knowledge from their facilities nursing philosophy. Philosophies give the nurse a guideline of how their facility defines the aspects of nursing and what is expected of them as nurses of that facility. It is essential for nurses to go back after they haveRead MoreEducation Philosophy and Rationale1846 Words   |  7 PagesEducation Philosophy and Rationale Every instructor or a teacher has a certain ideology that he or she follows throughout the teaching careers which underpins everything. These ideology or philosophy is based on our assumptions about our definition of learning and our views on the nature of mankind, the purpose of education, the nature of the curriculum, the role of the teacher and the learner, and the nature of the instructional process. Similarly, I had a certain philosophy which focuses on introducesRead More My Educational Philosophy Essay955 Words   |  4 Pages My Educational Philosophy Methods educating individuals have been proposed by many different philosophers in diverse instances. I formed my view of method, curriculum, nature of students, nature of knowledge, and the purpose of public education, as well as my personal career goals from those philosophers. I took different aspects of the philosophers of Plato, Rousseau, Sophistry/Foucalt, and Pragmatism/Progressivism. Being student centered is one aspect of effect teachingRead More My Student-centered Teaching Philosophy Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesMy Student-centered Teaching Philosophy What makes a good teacher? There are many factors that determined the answers to this question. The most dominant factor is the teaching philosophy. It plays a significant role in the teaching career because it determines what the teacher will teach and how he/she will teach. Personally, my teaching philosophy will be student-centered with the combination of three related theories, and emphasis on each student’s individual needs, and teachingRead MoreExistentialism And Progressivism : Which Educational Philosophy Do You Most Closely Identify With And Why?971 Words   |  4 PagesSmith Sodey Education 2209 October 14, 2014 Educational Philosophies: Existentialism and Progressivism Which educational philosophy do you most closely identify with and why? After taking the philosophic inventory I found that I scored highest with existentialism and second highest with progressivism. After researching both existentialism and progressivism, I concluded that I agreed with both of these philosophies. I agree with existentialism because I believe that being an individual is important

Create an HTML Calendar In Python Dynamically

File Sharing Essay - 1278 Words

Author?s Note: This was originally an informative speech and was some portions were edited for time purposes, so some modifications may be required.If you?re using this as a speech, it will be around eight minutes long. Word Count: 1,054 Introduction Most people have an idea of what file sharing is, but they?re not exactly sure why it?s such a big deal. Some of them may even be aware of the fact that file sharing is punishable by law and carries a fine of up to and including $20,000. Since the introduction of Napster in 1999, copyrighted music has been illegally duplicated more than eight trillion times. In recent weeks, the Recording Industry Association of America has filed more than three hundred lawsuits against American†¦show more content†¦By the end of the year, sales of records, CDs and mini discs had dropped an additional thirty-five percent. Sales of walkmans, stereo CD players and personal CD players decreased by three percent that year as well. On the other hand, sales of recordable CDs and MP3 players increased by a staggering one hundred sixty-nine percent in 1999, and the demand for these devices soon overwhelmed the supply. Why it?s a problem It may or may not be obvious why illegal file sharing is a problem. Millions of people see nothing wrong with downloading a song or two without paying for the download. It?s a problem because it causes the price of albums to increase considerably for non-file sharing consumers. The average music-loving American pays approximately from twenty-two dollars to thirty dollars for each album he or she purchases. This wasn?t the case in the years prior to Napster?s debut. The average American paid from eighteen to twenty dollars for each album, with the exceptions of anthologies and double-album sets. It creates a problem for the file sharing user. Most people have morals, or appear to, and constant stealing might compromise those morals, which ultimately leads to other forms of theft in some cases. It causes a problem for the music industry because 1) the record companies lose money behind slumping album sales 2) the ?people behind the scenes? at theShow MoreRelatedTypes of File Sharing166 4 Words   |  7 PagesTypes of file sharing Peer-to-peer file sharing Users can use software that connects in to a peer-to-peer network to search for shared files on the computers of other users (i.e. peers) connected to the network. Files of interest can then be downloaded directly from other users on the network. Typically, large files are broken down into smaller chunks, which may be obtained from multiple peers and then reassembled by the downloader. This is done while the peer is simultaneously uploading the chunksRead MoreThe Ethics Of File Sharing1378 Words   |  6 Pagesof File Sharing File sharing is the act of someone making a copy of a file and sending it to another person. The method of sharing includes Internet peer to peer transfers, but also includes physical CD copies, emails, and mobile storage devices. Companies are justified in focusing on physical CD sales and online peer to peer file sharing, as their sales have potential to cause harm. Loss of sales is indeed what is happening. Consumers need to be more aware of the risks of file sharing. File sharingRead MoreFile Sharing And The Internet1896 Words   |  8 PagesFile Sharing â€Å"I d like to propose another toast to you, the listener. It doesn t matter how you got this, you bought it, you downloaded it, and your grandma gave it to you.† (Jones). Chances are anybody who has ever used the internet has downloaded copyrighted material. Many people view downloading copyrighted material from the internet as stealing, but others see it as a distribution of human knowledge and information. File sharing, more formally known today as torrents, should be legal. Read MoreFile Sharing And The Internet2006 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction File sharing, or peer-to-peer software programs such as Limewire which uses protocol Gnutella, BitTorrent, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), and programs that are Peer to Peer (P2P) such as KaZaA which uses the protocol FastTrack and others can allow sharing of copyrighted music, games, movies, software, and other files often without the knowledge or permission of the consumer. Peer-to-Peer programs usually share files by default, to permit the full amount of sharing across the web. Sharing this copyrightedRead More File Sharing Essay2581 Words   |  11 Pages FILE SHARING Ethical Debate with Today’s Technology (INTRO) You may have illegal content on your computer right now! File sharing has become a very large issue today in society even though it has existed for decades. It has been the recent advances in our technology that has made it main stream and in the eyes of the general public. File sharing today tests the limits of technology along with our ethics making it a fuzzy grey area. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When discussing file sharings effectRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Illegal File Sharing1571 Words   |  7 PagesBhattacharjee, S et al. (2006: 92) evidently reported the situation of illegal file sharing in 2003 and suggested the method to discard the problem that: In response to this â€Å"epidemic of illegal file sharing† (RIAA 2003a), on June 26, 2003, RIAA redirected legal threats toward individual subscribers of these networks who, in the past, enjoyed anonymity in P2P environments. Prior to RIAA’s recent legal efforts, individual file sharers were almost completely immune from legal liability when violating copyrightRead MoreFile Sharing And The Internet Piracy1468 Words   |  6 Pagespiracy or file sharing of copyrighted material has gained much popularity. It is a topic that has incessantly sparked debate and has even received global attention. Although on the surface the act of file sharing may seem harmless, it is far from it. Each year, film and record production companies as well as software and video game development companies suffer from billions of dollars in lost profits. This loss comes as a direct result of internet piracy. Many agree that file sharing is unethicalRead MoreBenefits Of The File Sharing Tech nology1870 Words   |  8 Pagescan see the concepts and significance of the technology, how the technology emerged, what is the internal process of technology, and classification of technology. For this term project I would like to talk about the file sharing technology. There are many advantages of the file sharing technology, when compare to the past years it provides many services like cloud and internet services that we can use in terms of our work, and make it easier for the studies. CONCEPT DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY:Read MoreThe Morality Of Peer And File Sharing1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this essay is to assess the morality of peer-to-peer file sharing. I will be addressing the ethics of downloading media that is difficult or expensive to obtain legally. It is my considered opinion that is morally acceptable to download files when media is extraordinarily difficult or expensive to explain legally. I will defend my position with an appeal to law and an appeal to consequences. In the United States, it is illegal to make or download copies of copyrightedRead More File Sharing on the Internet Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesFile Sharing on the Internet When we think of pirates, we see scruffy men with unshaven chins, a bandana, a gold earing, a black patch on one eye, and a wooden leg, men with guns in hand, riding the seas in their wooden ship proudly flying the terrifying skull and crossbones. Well, pirates these days look much different. In fact, you may be sitting by one right now. They are ordinary people who have come to enjoy the technologies the Internet provides. These pirates are boys and girls, women

Economic Downturn in East Asia Free Essays

A large economic downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year run of high growth rates. The crisis has caused Asian currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devauations, bad banking practices, high foreigh debt, loose government regulation, and corruption. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Downturn in East Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to East Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and offer aid to the financially troubled nations (Sanger 1). The East Asian crisis has affected almost all of he Asian nations, but the three hardest hit countries are Thailand, Indonesia, The panic began in Thailand in May of 1997 when speculators, worried about Thailand†s slowing economy, exces sive debt, and political instability devalued the baht as they fled for market-driven currencies like the American dollar. Indonesia†s evonomy soom fell soon after when the rupiah hit a record low against the U. S. dollar. Indonesia is plagued by more than $70 billion worth of bad debts and a corrupt and ineffcient government. Thailand and Indonesia also suffer from eing overbuilt during real estate booms that reven2 were the result of huge influxes of cash by ooptimistic foreign debt, decreasing exports, and weakening currency (Lochhead 4-5). Other major countries touched by the crisis are Japan, China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Japan†s economy is burdened by 300 billion in bad back loans and a recession. Chinese bank may carry badd banks loans of up to $1trillion. The banks lend 66% of China†s investment capital to state-run industries that only produce 12% of China†s Malaysia and the Philippines are both faced with devvalued currencies nd lowered stock markets (Lochhead 5). The implicationsof the Asian financial crisis are many. A declining Asian economy will reduce demand for U. S. and other countries† exports. The devalued currencies of East Asia will make Asian imprts seen cheap and will lead to increased American imports, thus increasing our trade deficit (Lochhead 2). A worldwide banking emerge could result if the embattled Asian economies failed to pay back thier loans to the U. S. and other countries (Duffy 2). If the Asian economies fall further, in a desire to raise cash, they might sell the hundreds of billion dollars of U. S. reasuries they now own, leading to higher interest An article in the Economist reported that the Asian economic turmoil and trhe layoffs that may result, could instigate increased discontent and possibly give rise to violent strikes, riots, and greater political instability. Since the financial turmoil causes instability in the world market, several solutions have been porposed designed to restore the health of the Asian economy. The int4ernational Monetary Fund is offering $60 billion in aid packages to Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. The aid will be used for converting short-term debt to long-term debt nd to keep currencies from falling lower in the world market. Lower currency values make repaying loans to other nations more difficult. The aid packages are tied to measures that will ensure that the recipient countries reform their economies, some of the measures the nations must follow are increasing taxes to decrease budget deficits, ending corruption, increasing bank banking regulations, and improving accounting information so investors Closing insolvent banks, selling of inefficient state enterprises, and increasing interest rates to slow growth and encourage stability. Hopefully these market reforms will allow East Asia to improve its economic outlook. Since most of the Asian nations have balanced budgets, low inflation, cheap labor, pro business governments, and high savings rates, the long-term outlook for these countries is very good. The financial crisis, instead of destroying the Asian tigers, will merely serve as a much needed lesson in debt management, orderly growth, competent accounting practices, and efficient government. Considereing the size of Asias contribution to the world economy, a rapid recovery will be greatly anticipated. How to cite Economic Downturn in East Asia, Essay examples

Benefits of Effective Cross-Cultural Collaboration-Free-Samples

Question: Your organisations recent global expansion has created new challenges of global collaboration. The general manager has asked you prepare areport for the Executive Team on practical steps that could be taken to enhance cross-cultural teamwork, communication and negotiation. Answer: Introduction Cross-cultural teamwork is defined as the actions and achievements of a group that includes people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds who are working together cooperatively to achieve common organisational objectives. Effective communication, negotiation, and teamwork are the primary requirements for an international corporation to succeed in international market. International companies operate in multiple countries hence they deal with people from different background and ethnicity and proper understanding of their culture can lead to substantial opportunities for the corporation. The enterprises face various challenges during their global collaboration; management can implement various cross-cultural theories to address such challenges. This report will focus on the problems and issues face by international organisation in relation to cross-cultural collaboration. Further, the report will recommend various cross-cultural collaboration theories to address the challenges Benefits of Effective Cross-Cultural Collaboration Globalisation has removed the boundaries between countries and digitalisation has made it easier for corporations to expand their business in other counties. Modern organisations are expanding their business in new territories in order to increase their market share (Gebauer, Sedikides and Neberich, 2012). The role of effective cross-cultural teamwork, negotiation, and communication is becoming significant with the growth of technology, global business, and internet-based services. Modern corporations can effectively operate their foreign divisions by learning about their culture and implementing it into their business environment. An effective cross-cultural communication includes understanding of different businesses beliefs, customers, traditions, and communication strategies (Stewart and Bennett, 2011). There are several benefits of establishing an effective cross-cultural communication, teamwork, and negotiation. Understanding Cultural Diversity: An effective cross-cultural communication enable employees and executives to learn about new cultural along with their own. The cross-cultural teamwork provides an opportunity to people for learning customers and traditions of other cultures and improve their understanding (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, 2011). New Opportunities: The management can improve understanding of other cultures that assist them in gaining new opportunities. Valuable experience: Working with diverse and multicultural individual provides a valuable experience to people that assist in their personal and psychological development. Challenges Following are few challenges that are faced by modern corporations regarding cross-cultural communication, teamwork, and negotiation. Communication, Expression and Language Barrier Effective and quality communications are the key to success of businesses. Teamwork requires collective effort from each party, and all the members have to fully understand the instructions or guidelines to work properly (Schuler, 2008). When team members speak different language it becomes difficult for people to understand each other. Pronunciations and accent can create confusion among the members, and it can hamper the quality of work. The communication barriers increase the decision-making time which reduces the performance of a corporation (Guffey and Loewy, 2012). Cultural Background In cross-cultural teams, the people are from different background, and they have distinct culture, ethics, values, and morals than each other. A person cannot possibly be aware of all the different cultures, and sometimes people perform some acts that unintentionally offend other individuals (Thomas, 2008). For example, in Egypt, UK, US or Russia, it is normal to reply or send emails after working hours, but in Latvia, people do not send email after working hours unless the matter is serious. Perception or Stereotyping People from developed countries consider individuals from developing nations as inferior or vice versa. Many people intentionally or unintentionally use stereotypes while communicating with people from other cultures which offend them (Posthuma and Campion, 2009). It creates a negative environment in the company because people feel like other department did not respect them, or they considered themselves as superior. Negative environment makes it difficult for managers to implement new policies which obstruct the growth of the corporation (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Different Attitude towards Disclosure In many cultures, it is not considered appropriate to become frank about personal problems, emotions, conflict, or misunderstanding in the office. People have to consider what they are talking about while dealing with people from different culture or else it can offend some people. Many people feel uncomfortable to share or reveal their personal details, and insensitive question of other people can upset them (Twenge and Campbell, 2008). Religion Religion is one of the most controversial topics in the world which has created several international issues; office environment is also not safe from issues of religion. People highly respect their religion, and they did not prefer when other individuals insult their religion. Many people start getting violent when people made insensitive comment about their religion. Many times, unintentional actions of people offend others religion which creates a conflict between them (Benefiel, Fry and Geigle, 2014). It is difficult for managers to properly manage the religious conflicts because whichever side he/she would take it will offend another party. For example, Indians respects cows and consider them a part of God, therefore, they do not eat them. But beef is popular among various cultures and many people eat it during special occasions. This difference creates a problem when a company from the United States or the United Kingdom establish their division in India (Rao, 2012). Negotiation Etiquettes Negotiation is a significant part of business while dealing in a foreign country; a company is required to negotiate with various parties including suppliers, investors, employees, local businesses, government, and others. Nonfulfilment or misuse of negotiation etiquettes can create problems for a corporation since it offends many people (Okoro, 2012). For example, in countries such as UK, US, and northern Europe, maintaining a direct eye contact is considered as a sign of sincerity and confidence. Specifically, in South America, eye contact is necessary since it conveys trustworthiness of parties. However, in many cultures, maintaining long eye contact is a sign of rudeness. In Japan, prolonged eye contact in business meetings is considered as a sign of rudeness, and it offends many people. There are several other negotiation etiquettes that aid in success or failure of a business meeting. For example, time is a critical part of different culture. In monochromic culture, people prefer to set schedules, planned breaks, meeting agendas and detailed communications. The countries with monochromic culture include Switzerland, United States, Germany, and Scandinavia. Whereas in Polychromic culture, people are comfortable with less structured meeting schedules, free information flows, spontaneous decisions and unstructured breaks. The countries with polychromic culture include Italy, France, Greek, Mexico, and others (Ke, 2011). Other Small Issues Following are various other small problems that become bigger challenges for managers while maintaining cross-culture communication, teamwork or negotiation: Formal versus Informal: Different cultures have different approach towards business operations which include various formalities and expectations from other parties. Nonfulfilment of such expectations results in failure of a negotiation or communication (Myers and Sadaghiani, 2010). For example, in US people prefer to use first name because it is a sign of friendliness, whereas, in Japan and Germany, people are more formal, and they prefer to address by their last name. Punctuality: Arriving late in a business meeting or dealing can create problems in case of some cultures than compared to others. For example, is United States and Germany, punctuality is important, and meetings get cancelled if other parties arrive late. Meeting and Greeting: Different cultures have different meeting and greeting styles. For example, a handshake is most commonly used greeting method, but in some cultures, it is not appropriate between genders. Recommendations for Resolving Cross-Cultural Issues A corporations global expansion creates various problems relating to cross-cultural communication, teamwork, and negotiation which are necessary to address properly in order to manage international operations successfully. There are several benefits of properly managing cross-cultural environment because it improves morale, productivity, and creativity. Employees started to gain respect for each other, and it improves trust between them. Following are few suggestions that can be implemented by organisations to address the challenges relating to cross cultures. Learning about the Culture During a global expansion, a corporation deal with various people from different cultures, therefore, it is necessary that corporation learn about such cultures to ensure effective operations. Managers should research and teach other employees regarding different cultures and their formalities to ensure that they did not offend any person (Eraut, 2008). For example, after a global expansion, a company hire local employees and to manage them effectively, it is necessary to learn their culture. Bridge the Culture Gap Managers can take necessary steps to fill the culture gap in an organisation to ensure effective operations. Small cultural differences can create bigger conflicts between employees and management (Carte and Fox, 2008). For example, in countries such as China, Japan, and Germany, it is considered as an insult if a person comes late to a meeting. Managers should let everyone know about these formalities and ensure that they are properly followed by the employees. Acknowledging Differences Building awareness about different cultures and properly acknowledging them is a key to improve cross-cultural teamwork. Managers should discourage the insensitive behaviour of employees which can make them feel unwanted or excluded (Kapoor and Solomon, 2011). The corporation should help prevent demeaning jokes or stereotyping or insensitive remarks which are based on culture, value, or religion. Effective companies implement a strict code of conduct which includes various rules for appropriate behaviour, and they also take disciplinary actions when violence occurs. Every employee should feel safe in the workplace, and organisation should take appropriate steps to establish a positive environment. The managers and employees should research and observe local customs to ensure their actions are not offensive to anyone (Ball, 2010). The managers should acknowledge the difference between cultures and also teach other employees regarding the same. Effective Communication Following are few techniques that can be used by managers and employees to improve cross-cultural communication: Use of proper etiquette while talking with people from a different culture is necessary. Many cultures expect a certain level of formality during conversation and employees should research and learn about such formalities, so they avoid offending someone (Bovee, Thill and Raina, 2016). For example, in China, people reverse family name, and in Japan, people use san for men and women. The managers and employees should be aware of these formalities before taking to employees from a different culture. People should avoid using slang while talking with someone in a business meeting because most people did not understand slangs and it can confuse other parties. People from different culture speak different languages, and they have different accents which are difficult to understand by people. Therefore, while dealing with international employees, managers should talk slowly to ensure that employees understand them (Kitmoller and Lauring, 2013). While talking, employees should speak slowly and clearly to ensure other parties are able to understand them. Managers can also find other ways of communication to avoid the issue of different accents such as using email or other chatting application to communicate. Effective cross-cultural communication requires that parties are feeling comfortable and supportive while talking with each other. In conversation, people should treat each other with respect and do their best to communicate clearly. They should also avoid humour because it may be difficult for another person to understand its context, and they might get offended by the remark. Personal Time In case an employee from a different culture is working in an organisation than manager should spend personal time with him to learn about his/her culture and make them comfortable in the organisational environment. In personal time, the employee can tell manager about his issues and whether someone is treating him differently due to his culture (Fullan, 2014). The teammates should also spend personal time with the employee from a different culture to learn about his/her values and formalities to ensure they understood his/her culture and did not offend him unintentionally. Disciplinary Actions International corporations are required to establish a strict code of conduct for employees and managers to avoid any cross-cultural issues. The companies should punish the employees who make fun or bully people with different cultures. Diversity is necessary is modern corporations which assist in its development and growth. The diversity among employees can bring a new perspective in business strategies that increase innovation and creativity. Negative behaviour, bullying, racism, and office politics creates tension between employees and management which leads to office disputes (Mitchell, 2009). Conflicts in workplace decrease the productivity of employees, and it creates mental health issues for employees. Culture is a primary issue in conflicts; people are sensitive towards their values, and they did not prefer interference of others. Many people make fun or bully others culture to gain an unfair advantage. The company should avoid this behaviour and attitude by establishing proper guidelines for disciplinary actions. International corporations can establish a strict code of conduct which includes policies for punishing the employees or manager which intentionally hurts another persons feeling based on his/her culture (Fox and Stallworth, 2009). For example, the company can suspend or fire the person who acts insensitively to people with different culture because it creates various cross-cultural problems. General Principles The managers and employees should avoid making assumptions if they did not know about a particular religion or culture. Every person holds stereotype and preconceptions, but they should not act on them without knowledge. Even if a person thinks he/she knows about a culture or religion, they should avoid making assumptions because it can offend people that create a negative working environment. Every employee should receive equal treatment in the workplace, and they should not face discrimination based on race, caste, culture, religion or gender. The top-level managers should avoid discriminating between employees and take disciplinary actions against people who do so. It is not enough to treat everyone with equality; people should be treated the way they want to be treated. Conclusion From the above observations, it can be concluded that a company faces various cross-cultural teamwork, communication and negotiation issues when expanding their business globally. The managers find it difficult to supervise and direct the staff and maintain coordination between them. The cross-culture problems include communication barriers, language and accent difference, stereotyping, insensitive remarks, lack of negotiation etiquettes, different attitude towards disclosure, religion and others. It is necessary that corporations solve these problems to manage their domestic and international operations effectively. Managers can implement various strategies to address cross-cultural issues such as, using effective communication tactics, acknowledging differences, giving personal time, establishing disciplinary proceedings, bridging the cultural gap and others. Effective cross-cultural management assists corporations in building and managing positive organisational relationships that improve companys performance and sustain their future growth. References Ball, K., 2010. Workplace surveillance: An overview.Labor History,51(1), pp.87-106. Benefiel, M., Fry, L.W. and Geigle, D., 2014. Spirituality and religion in the workplace: History, theory, and research.Psychology of Religion and Spirituality,6(3), p.175. Bovee, C.L., Thill, J.V. and Raina, R.L., 2016.Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Cart, P. and Fox, C., 2008.Bridging the culture gap: A practical guide to international business communication. Kogan Page Publishers. Eraut, M., 2008. Learning from other people in the workplace.Pedagogy and practice: Culture and identities, (s 40), p.57. Fox, S. and Stallworth, L.E., 2009. Building a framework for two internal organizational approaches to resolving and preventing workplace bullying: Alternative dispute resolution and training.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,61(3), p.220. Fullan, M., 2014.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Gebauer, J.E., Sedikides, C. and Neberich, W., 2012. Religiosity, social self-esteem, and psychological adjustment: On the cross-cultural specificity of the psychological benefits of religiosity.Psychological Science,23(2), pp.158-160. Griffin, R.W. and Moorhead, G., 2011.Organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Guffey, M.E. and Loewy, D., 2012.Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Kapoor, C. and Solomon, N., 2011. Understanding and managing generational differences in the workplace.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,3(4), pp.308-318. Ke, G., 2011. Cultural Difference Effects on Business: Holding up Sino-US Business Negotiation as a Model/LES EFFETS DE LA DIFFERENCE CULTURELLE SUR LES AFFAIRES: EN PRENANT LA NGOCIATION SINO-AMRICAINE COMME UN MODLE.Cross-Cultural Communication,7(2), p.101. Klitmller, A. and Lauring, J., 2013. When global virtual teams share knowledge: Media richness, cultural difference and language commonality.Journal of World Business,48(3), pp.398-406. Mitchell, C., 2009.A Short Course in International Business Culture: Building Your International Business Through Cultural Awareness. World Trade Press. Myers, K.K. and Sadaghiani, K., 2010. Millennials in the workplace: A communication perspective on millennials organizational relationships and performance.Journal of Business and Psychology,25(2), pp.225-238. Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion.International journal of business and management,7(16), p.130. Posthuma, R.A. and Campion, M.A., 2009. Age stereotypes in the workplace: Common stereotypes, moderators, and future research directions.Journal of management,35(1), pp.158-188. Rao, A., 2012. Managing diversity: Impact of religion in the Indian workplace.Journal of World Business,47(2), pp.232-239. Schuler, D., 2008.Liberating voices: A pattern language for communication revolution. MIT Press. Stewart, E.C. and Bennett, M.J., 2011.American cultural patterns: A cross-cultural perspective. Hachette UK. Thomas, D., 2008.Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business: Easyread Super Large 20pt Edition. ReadHowYouWant. com. Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C., 2011.Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Twenge, J.M. and Campbell, S.M., 2008. Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace.Journal of Managerial Psychology,23(8), pp.862-877.